Integrating Virus Monitoring Strategies for Safe Non-Potable Water Reuse

Wastewater reclamation and reuse have the potential to supplement water supplies, offering resiliency in times of drought helping meet increased demands associated with population growth. Non-potable represents largest market. Yet, economic constraints for new infrastructure safety concerns due microbial quality, especially viral pathogen exposure, limit widespread implementation reuse. Cost-effective, real-time methods measure or indicate quality recycled would do much instill greater confidence practice. This manuscript discusses advancements monitoring modeling health risks context First, we describe current wastewater processes treatment technologies an emphasis on virus removal. Second, review measurement viruses, both culture- molecular-based, along their advantages disadvantages. We outline promising surrogates specific pathogenic viruses that can serve as indicators risk suggest metagenomic analyses screening flow cytometry quantification virus-like particles approaches complement more traditional methods. Third, assess through quantitative assessments (QMRAs), most common strategy couple data concentrations human exposure scenarios. then explore artificial neural networks (ANNs) incorporate suites from processes, parameters, surrogates. recommend ANNs a means utilize existing data, alongside complementary measures achieve cost-effective strategies infectious water. Given review, conclude will be ready identify implement reduction next decade. Incorporating likely result robust assessment risk.